Every nation has its own language with distinctive features and historical background that differentiate between one another. Indonesian language and Afrikaans language is regarded to possess several historical resemblances. Indonesia was once colonized by the Dutch for 350 years, and therefore, some of the words or language structure in…

This article examines definitions state education agencies use to describe the federal education disability called "emotional disturbance." State definitions were collected so that various aspects of them could be analyzed and compared with results of similar studies completed in the 1970s and 1980s. Among results are that state definitions have…

Examines the German "werden-" passives and their English counterparts identifying four basic constraints on the inclusion of "being" in the English passive construction. Uses contrastive analysis to explain the ambiguity of the English past participle, and orders the constraints on the use of "being" sequentially…

It is argued that the direct output of a contrastive analysis should be a transfer grammar, a single set of rules which would serve at one and the same time for transferring from language A to language B and from B to A. It is shown that such rules can be formulated either as equations or in the form of matrices. The elements involved can either…

This study describes special questions (SQs) and disjunctive questions (DQs) in English and Polish. Central to the study is the interrogative mood and the illocutionary force of the question; interrogative structures without illocutionary force are excluded. "Speech Act Theory" (SAT) is used as a label for certain tendencies in the…

THIS PRELIMINARY EDITION COMPRISES A DESCRIPTIVE GRAMMAR OF INDONESIAN (BAHASA INDONESIA), THE OFFICIAL LANGUAGE OF THE REPUBLIC OF INDONESIA. THE THREE SECTIONS--PHONOLOGY, SYNTAX, AND MORPHOLOGY--PRESENT A COMPREHENSIVE LINGUISTIC ANALYSIS OF INDONESIAN, WITH OCCASIONAL CONTRASTIVE REFERENCE TO MALAY, JAVANESE, SUNDANESE, AND SUMATRAN. THIS…

Discusses the relationship between traditional synonym theory and two perspectives of interlinguistics: contrastive lexical analysis and languages in contact research. The goal and methods of each are described briefly, and a new synonym conceptualization is proposed that better fits synchronic dynamics than the traditional theory. Examples from…

Compares the uses of the German Future I and Present tenses with the corresponding Russian tenses, which reflect the Russian verb aspect. In German the aspect plays a much smaller role. (Text is in German.) (IFS/WGA)

Distinguishes between "mode" as a verb-form and "modality," a category of meaning expressed mainly by lexical and syntactical means. Describes the subjunctive in Russian and German; a schematic summary shows both languages using the subjunctive for hypothesis and wish, but only German for indirect discourse. (Text is in…

First examines German modal verbs with respect to multiple meanings and synonymy, finding that "implications," especially presuppositions, account for important differences in their uses. The same approach is used on French modals. Common features and differences are studied, and typical errors are predicted and classified. (Text is in…

Chinese seems more precise in depicting human relationships; English tends to be more precise in the field of quantitative sciences. (Author/MF)

Examines the syntactic characteristics of Spanish verbs of motion dividing them into two classes, those that designate movement and those that designate both movement and change of place. Analyzes the differences between the two classes by contrasting Spanish and English usage. (MES)