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Gatzke-Kopp, Lisa M.; Beauchaine, Theodore P. – Child Psychiatry and Human Development, 2007
The association between maternal smoking during pregnancy and childhood antisocial outcomes has been demonstrated repeatedly across a variety of outcomes. Yet debate continues as to whether this association reflects a direct programming effect of nicotine on fetal brain development, or a phenotypic indicator of heritable liability passed from…
Descriptors: Behavior Problems, Body Weight, Smoking, Pregnancy
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Luoma, Ilona; Kaukonen, Palvi; Mantymaa, Mirjami; Puura, Kaija; Tamminen, Tuula; Salmelin, Raili – Child Psychiatry and Human Development, 2004
The aim of this longitudinal study was to examine the associations between maternal depressive symptoms and perceptions of children's problems. One hundred and nineteen mother-child dyads were followed from the third trimester of pregnancy for almost 10 years. Depressive symptoms and background factors of the mothers and the anticipated/perceived…
Descriptors: Longitudinal Studies, Mothers, Pregnancy, Child Behavior