Existing research consistently indicates that Black girls are assigned disproportionately exclusionary disciplinary consequences such as, suspension and expulsion rates, surpassing their White counterparts and Black boys. According to the Report to Congressional Requesters, (United States Governmental Accountability Office, 2018), exclusionary…

Research suggests individuals' support for harsher sanctions for wrongdoers increase in association with the perceived severity of the harm caused. To date, however, research has focused mostly on retributive modes of punishment and has less often addressed restorative sanctions. Furthermore, research has documented racial disparities in conduct…

This quantitative correlational-predictive study addressed the predictive relationships of County Political Leaning (Republican vs. Democratic/reference) and Poverty of Student Population (operationalized as percentage of students enrolled in Free and Reduced Price Lunch programs) with Out-of-school Suspension in public high schools in California.…

There has been substantial scholarly attention given to teachers' functioning over the past two decades. Much of this attention has been precipitated by accounts of increasing teacher burnout and attrition from the profession. Central to this scholarly focus has been the construct of teacher self-efficacy, which has been shown to be a predictor of…

America's public-school systems have a long history of disproportionately disciplining Black students. First identified in a groundbreaking study in 1975, the issue of over-disciplining our nation's Black students is negatively impacting their academic performance and economic opportunities. Students who receive exclusionary discipline, such as…

This quantitative correlational study explored the factors influencing graduate level student dropout intention across disciplines. Based on previous retention research that focused on undergraduate populations, this study attempted to investigate how that research could be applied to a graduate level student population in a private, non-profit,…

The purpose of this study was to examine disproportionate disciplinary rates among Black girls and whether the disproportionality impacts reading achievement in comparison to White girls in Texas urban and suburban public schools, Grades 3-9, in the 2015-2018 academic years. To determine the extent to which inequities were present in the…

Introduction: North Carolina (NC) has widespread Black-White/Hispanic racial disparities in exclusionary discipline (punishment removing children from normal learning environments), with disparities varying substantially by school district. Exclusionary discipline is an added risk factor for numerous negative academic and social outcomes. This…

Exclusionary practices, including suspension, expulsions, and office discipline referrals, to student misbehavior, can have a lasting impact on student outcomes. School-Wide Positive Behavioral Interventions and Supports (SWPBIS) is a universal behavioral framework designed to support school personnel prevent and respond to challenging student…

This study investigates two areas to increase the understanding of university patenting activity using raw data recently made available through the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office PatentsView application. First, the study assesses the relationship of institutional characteristics to the number of patents granted, and the subject fields of those…

Seclusion and restraint are aversive behavioral practices used in schools for control and punishment. The practices were first used in psychiatric hospitals as a means of control over patients. Eventually, the practices began being used in schools alongside other aversive and exclusionary discipline practices, including corporal punishment,…

The purpose of this correlational quantitative study was to conduct an exploratory empirical investigation examining the relationship between student hope (Snyder et al., 1991) and student collective trust in teachers (STT) (Forsyth et al., 2011) at a large urban public freshman academy in the student trust in teachers that implemented social and…

This study examines teachers' beliefs in the nature and malleability of intelligence, how these beliefs may vary in different academic domains, and whether those beliefs have any significant relationships with teachers' self-efficacy beliefs, epistemological beliefs, and proposed interventions for struggling students. Findings showed that teachers…

Academic self-regulated learning (SRL) skills closely align with the 21st century skills that lead to student success. Research demonstrates that academic achievement is closely related to the use of SRL in the classroom and that teacher practices are fundamental in imparting these skills to their students. It is not clear, however, how teachers…

Over the last 100 years, the overwhelming majority of Americans have attended this nation's public schools. There are clearly documented deleterious effects for students who do not successfully graduate from high school. Further, scholars and practitioners have recognized the adverse impacts on communities and the economy. Unfortunately, Colorado…