The present paper emphasizes the importance of making interpretations regarding differences among an individual's scores on a test battery based on this same concern for the appropriateness of the reference group. (Author)

Attempts to evaluate the effect of various combinations of traditional instructional methods (TM) and personalized instruction (PSI) on final exam scores. It is hypothesized that groups which received PSI combined with enrichment provided by TM will score significantly higher on their cumulative final exam than students who receive instruction by…

Attempts to develop a methodology for assessing variations in social motives utilizing sets of alternative outcomes to self and others that would be both important and relevant to students enrolled in a class, and to use both the methodology and findings for the didactic purpose of illustrating the variety and importance of various social…