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Direct linkMeier, Markus D.; Diefenbach, Heike – Gender and Education, 2020
The OECD's Programme of International Student Assessment known as PISA, including the Gender Report published in 2015, is a well-received project and its findings keep being transferred into educational policy development. Its quantitative methodology and the sheer volume of data gathered from around 5,100,000 students from 65 countries seem to…
Descriptors: Criticism, Gender Differences, Achievement Tests, Foreign Countries
Pokropek, Artur – Large-scale Assessments in Education, 2016
In the social sciences, estimating causal effects is particularly difficult. Gold standards are set by randomized experiments in many cases expensive, unenforceable for ethical and practical reasons. Recent research has drawn attention to techniques that under some conditions, could estimate causal effects on non-experimental observable data. One…
Descriptors: Measurement, International Assessment, Student Evaluation, Attribution Theory
