In rural contexts, schools experience many challenges such as lack of electricity, unstable WIFI, not enough classrooms and inadequate classroom technology. These challenges resulted in many teachers shying away from the use of technology in the classrooms. As with other subject fields, IsiNdebele language teachers want to prepare their learners…

The use of external representations has a potential to facilitate inquiry learning, especially in hypothesis generation and scientific reasoning, which are typical difficulties encountered by students. This study proposes and investigates the effects of a three-dimensional thinking graph (3DTG) that allows learners to combine in a single image,…

Although concept maps have been used as alternative assessment methods in education, there has been an ongoing debate on how to evaluate students' concept maps. This study discusses how to evaluate students' concept maps as an assessment tool before and after 15 computer-based Predict-Observe-Explain (CB-POE) tasks related to acid-base chemistry.…