RCTs in primary schools in rural China show frequent personalized teacher feedback improves exam scores for Grade 3 (age 9), including those 'left behind' by migrating parents. Two terms of biweekly feedback increase math and language scores by 0.15 standard deviations, with an RCT texting results to parents giving 0.26 sd extra math improvement…

By design, randomized experiments (XPs) rule out bias from confounded selection of participants into conditions. Quasi-experiments (QEs) are often considered second-best because they do not share this benefit. However, when results from XPs are used to generalize causal impacts, the benefit from unconfounded selection into conditions may be offset…

Analyzing heterogeneous treatment effects (HTEs) plays a crucial role in understanding the impacts of educational interventions. A standard practice for HTE analysis is to examine interactions between treatment status and preintervention participant characteristics, such as pretest scores, to identify how different groups respond to treatment.…