In this review, approaches to teaching and learning in environmental education were explored at a conceptual level to understand the diversity of pedagogies in the discipline. We applied systems thinking to make conceptual parallels between ecology (physical environment, plant species, traits, plant strategies) and education (environmental…

The lack of utilization of the local environment in science learning causes low environmental and science literacy among students. In fact, integrating the surrounding environment, such as mangrove forests in Education for Sustainable Development (ESD) based learning is very important to foster scientific awareness and understanding from an early…