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Direct linkEmily Di Zhang; Shulin Yu – Computer Assisted Language Learning, 2025
In this digital age, digital multimodal composing (DMC) has permeated the L2 classroom as a technology-enhanced L2 writing task. Despite the learning potential of DMC for L2 students, instruments that measure L2 students' DMC competence are rare. As such, the present study sought to develop and validate an L2 student DMC competence scale in the…
Descriptors: Foreign Countries, Construct Validity, Second Language Learning, English (Second Language)
Download full textHalit Karalar – International Technology and Education Journal, 2023
The purpose of this study is to adapt the "Computer Programming Self-Efficacy Scale for Computer Literacy Education (CPSES)" developed by Tsai et al. (2019) into Turkish for middle school students and to develop a valid and reliable measurement tool. The participants of the study consisted of 348 eighth grade students. In order to test…
Descriptors: Foreign Countries, Programming, Computer Literacy, Middle School Students
Yulianto, Ahmad; Pudjitriherwanti, Anastasia; Kusumah, Chevy; Oktavia, Dies – International Journal of Language Testing, 2023
The increasing use of computer-based mode in language testing raises concern over its similarities with and differences from paper-based format. The present study aimed to delineate discrepancies between TOEFL PBT and CBT. For that objective, a quantitative method was employed to probe into scores equivalence, the performance of male-female…
Descriptors: Computer Assisted Testing, Test Format, Comparative Analysis, Scores
Polat, Elif; Hopcan, Sinan; Yahs, Ömer – International Review of Research in Open and Distributed Learning, 2022
Readiness is important for the success of the e-learning process. The purpose of this study was twofold: to develop a scale to measure K-12 teachers' e-learning readiness, and to examine their readiness to teach online. The participants were 3,295 K-12 teachers working in Izmir, Turkey. First EFA, then CFA-SEM was performed. Additionally,…
Descriptors: Elementary School Teachers, Secondary School Teachers, Readiness, Electronic Learning
