Purpose: Decades of scholarship have drawn on Weiss's four categories of research use (Weiss, 1980; 2005; Weiss & Bucuvalas, 1980) -- instrumental use, symbolic use, conceptual use, and imposed use -- to examine how research use unfolds in school districts (e.g., Amara et al., 2004; Penuel et al., 2017). In this paper, we theorize a new form…

Introduction: The What Works Clearinghouse (WWC) reviews rigorous research on educational interventions with a goal of identifying "what works" and making that information accessible to educators and policymakers. The WWC has historically prioritized internal validity over external validity in rating the quality of research. One critique…