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Direct linkRujun Xu; James Soland – International Journal of Testing, 2024
International surveys are increasingly being used to understand nonacademic outcomes like math and science motivation, and to inform education policy changes within countries. Such instruments assume that the measure works consistently across countries, ethnicities, and languages--that is, they assume measurement invariance. While studies have…
Descriptors: Surveys, Statistical Bias, Achievement Tests, Foreign Countries
